Controlling access

ABSTRACT

Methods and system for controlling access to viewable content on an individual title basis. In one embodiment, the method enables a user, such as a parent, to assign passwords to individual titles, thereby preventing unauthorized users, such as children, from viewing content corresponding to a selected title while enabling authorized users to view the content via correct entry of the password. In another embodiment, the method enables an administrative user (e.g., parent) to define allowed access levels and assign the same to various users of the system. The administrative user is also enabled to assign access levels to individual titles. In response to a user selection to view a title, the system identifies the user and determines whether the user is authorized to view the content based on the access level assigned to the title and any allowed access levels assigned to the user. The system includes set-top boxes and the like that may be used to implement the methods.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/177,462, filed on Jun. 19, 2002, by Yakov Kamen, and entitled “METHODS AND SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING ACCESS TO INDIVIDUAL TITLES,” which claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/299,523, filed Jun. 19, 2001, and entitled “METHOD OF SELECTING INDIVIDUAL TITLES OF RECORDED VIDEO PROGRAMS FOR VIEWING ACCESS CONTROL,” and both applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

The field of invention relates generally to video recording equipment and systems and, more specifically but not exclusively relates to personal video recorders and the like.

BACKGROUND

With the progress of personal video recorder (PVR) or digital video recorder (DVR) functionality, new problems arise of access control, such as, for example, parental control of movies available to children for viewing. Very often such functionality is integrated into the television electronic program guide (EPG) as a channel or similar selection category.

In current art, the various tools currently available for control of viewing access allow authorized users to lock a channel or selection category as an entire unit, without discrimination of programming offered on that channel. However, sometimes a parent wants to record shows suitable for their children, but at other times may want to record shows for themselves that they feel are not suitable for their children.

What is clearly needed is a system and a method of permitting users to control access to TV PVR or DVR functionality, such as recording and viewing movies, on a case-by-case basis, rather than completely turning on or turning off access to the whole functionality

SUMMARY

In accordance with aspects of the present invention, methods and a system for controlling access to viewable content on an individual title basis are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method enables a user, such as a parent, to assign passwords to individual titles, thereby preventing unauthorized users, such as children, from viewing content corresponding to a selected title while enabling authorized users to view the content via correct entry of the password. In another embodiment, the method enables an administrative user (parent) to define allowed access levels and assign the same to various users of the system. For example, a parent may define and assign allowed access levels to other family members, such as children, wherein each child could be assigned a unique set of allowed access levels. The administrative user is also enabled to assign access levels to individual titles. In response to a user selection to view a title, the system authenticates the user (or identifies the user via a previous authentication, such as that performed during a login operation) and determines whether the user is authorized to view the content based on the access level assigned to the title and any allowed access levels assigned to the user.

According to other aspects of the invention, the method may be implemented via software running on the system, which will typically comprise a set-top box or the like. In particular, the set-top box will generally include functionality common to PRVs and DRVs, and the software may be employed in an electronic program guide and/or a recording application running on the set-top box.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various views unless otherwise specified:

FIG. 1 is a representation of a display window corresponding to an initial recording condition;

FIG. 2 is a representation of the display window of FIG. 1 upon selection of an individual title corresponding to video content for which control access is to be applied;

FIG. 3 is a representation of a display window that includes a password entry box in which a user enters a password to protect access to the individual title selected in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating logic and operations performed during a password-based control access process in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary table in which password-based access information may be stored;

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating logic and operations performed in response to a user attempting to access content that is password protected in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7 is a representation of a screen that enables a user to assign access rights to users on an access-level basis;

FIG. 8 show an exemplary table in which access level information may be stored;

FIG. 9 shows another exemplary table in which access level information may be stored, wherein the tables in FIGS. 8 and 9 may be used together;

FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating operations performed when a user specifies an access level in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 11 is a representation of a screen from which an access-level definition screen may be invoked;

FIG. 12 is a representation of an access level definition screen that enables a user to define an access level for a selected title in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 13 shows an exemplary table in which title and access level information may be stored;

FIG. 14 is a flowchart illustrating logic and operations performed when a user attempts to access content under the access-level protection scheme in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 15 is a schematic block diagram illustrating various components in a machine that may be used to implement the operations of various embodiments of the invention described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of method and apparatus for controlling viewing to video content on an individual title (i.e. case-by-case) basis are described herein. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

PVRs and DVRs enable users to record and playback video content in a manner that is much more flexible than that available with older technologies, such as VCRs. Rather than storing video and audio content on a tape, PVRs and DVRs store such content on a digital medium that may be randomly accessed, such as a magnetic or optical disk (e.g., hard disk or the like). In addition, PVRs and DVRs include built-in processors that enable sophisticated recording options, such as real-time pausing and catch-up. As used herein, PVRs and DVRs fall under the general category of “set-top boxes,” although it is acknowledged that many set-top boxes do not provide the recording and playback features of PRVs and DVRs.

Generally, PVRs and DVRs provide a set of user-interface screens that enable a user to interact with the system. For example, user-interface screens corresponding to an electronic program guide (EPG) apprise users of upcoming programming, and enable users to select content to be recorded on the device. Many times, the EPG is integrated into a recording application that is used for selecting content to be recorded, and for enabling users to view previously-recorded content. In some cases, the recording application will enable respective users to set up individual directories, accounts, or the like, in which information pertaining to each user is stored. However, even in cases where individual users have separate directories, or accounts, only each user's entire directory may be locked or unlocked.

FIG. 1 shows a window 100 generated by a recording application running on a PVR or DVR 102, as displayed on a TV screen 104. Window 100 corresponds to a situation after a user has selected the recording state. Typically, the window will display a title, such as “Recording,” “My Shows,” “Now Showing,” or similar. In some cases, where multiple users of the recording application may each have their own directory, the window name may be personalized, such as “Margaret's Shows”; however, for simplicity of illustration, this example shows no personalized directory, but rather only a general directory title 106, “Recording.” A list 108 of movies in the directory is also displayed, containing three titles: Pearl Harbor, Shrek, and Hot Nights in Bangkok.

In some cases, a parent may not want a child to be able to watch a particular movie. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, FIG. 2 illustrates how a user could select such a movie, even before recording it, while it's in the list of programs to be recorded, by moving a selector 120 (in this example, a highlight bar) to select that movie. Typically, such a selector will be controlled via a remote control 112, remote keyboard, or the like.

In accordance with one embodiment, individual titles may be accessed by means of a password-based control mechanism. For example, in response to a user input after selecting the title, a password entry box 114 will be displayed in window 100, as shown in FIG. 3. For example, password entry box 114 may be invoked by a pre-configured (hard) button on remote control 112 or may be selected by a soft (i.e., programmable) button on the remote control or via a selectable button 116 in window 100. As illustrated, the user is prompted to enter a password in password entry box 114 to enter a password to gain access to proceed with any operation, whether recording or viewing, or any other operation on the selected title.

In accordance with this example embodiment, a similar password entry box would be displayed on a user interface window whenever a user, such as a child, would try watch a movie for which password access-control was previously defined. Unless the child enters the correct password, the movie is blocked and the child cannot watch it.

A flowchart corresponding to the definition portion of a password-based control access scheme in accordance with one embodiment is shown in FIG. 4. The process begins in a block 200 in which the user selects the content to be recorded, or existing content that has previously been recorded and is stored on the PVR or DVR. Typically, the content may be selected via its title, or similar indicia identifying the content. After selecting the content, the user will activate a user input control (e.g., hard or soft remote control button or display window button) to invoke password entry box 114, as provided by a block 202. The user will then enter a password in accordance with block 204. In response to entry of the password, the system will update a control access table to reflect the password in a block 206.

One embodiment of a control access table 300 is shown in FIG. 5. This table includes a TITLE column, a PROTECTED column, and a PASSWORD column. Upon assigning a password for a given title, the values in the PROTECTED and PASSWORD columns corresponding to the row for the title would be updated. In another embodiment, the PROTECTED column is dropped—in this instance, the existence of a password value indicates a title is protected. In addition to the illustrated embodiment, the control access values corresponding to control access table 300 but may be stored in an existing table that is modified to include such information. For example, appropriate columns could be added to an existing table that holds data pertaining to recorded content. Similar values could be stored in a “to be recorded” table.

A flowchart corresponding to a typical user access scenario corresponding to a user attempting to view content for which a password has been defined is shown in FIG. 6. In a block 210 the user selects content to view. In response to the selection, a determination is made in a decision block 212 to whether the content is protected (i.e., a control access password has been defined for the content). If the content is not protected, the user is enabled to immediately view the content, as provided by a block 214. If the content is protected, the answer to decision block 212 is YES, and the logic proceeds to a block 216 corresponding to a password entry by the user. For example, upon selecting the title the user would be presented with a password entry box similar to password entry box 114.

In response to receiving the user's password, the system will determine if the entered password matches the stored password corresponding to the title, as depicted by a decision block 218. If the password matches, the user is enabled to view the content. If not, the user is denied from viewing the content. In one embodiment, the user is allowed to try password entry N times before the system bumps the user out. In this instance, the user would be presented with a cleared password entry box after each errant password entry is entered, preferably with accompanying indicia indicating that the previous password was incorrect.

In some instances, user may prefer not to use passwords, or will decide to use the same password in all cases. In the latter situation, it may be likely that the user will tell the password to others that should be allowed to view the password-protected content. Conceivably, there might be several passwords that are used for the users of a particular PVR, such as a family. In view of this consideration, one embodiment of the invention provides a mechanism that enables access levels to be assigned to individual titles, whereby users may only access those titles if they have been provided with access rights corresponding to the access levels.

In order to implement this scheme, access rights need to be defined for each user. Generally, this will be performed by an administrator, such as a parent. Typically, the system will enable an administrator to be defined during system setup operations. The administrator will be identified by his or her username, and will usually be authenticated via a password or personal identification number (PIN). In such a system, each user will also be identified by a username and/or password/PIN. Using administrator-accessible menu options, the administrator will be able to navigate to an access-level assignment screen 120, as shown in FIG. 7. In this illustrated embodiment, a list of users appears on the right-hand portion of the screen, wherein the names in the list correspond to previously-entered usernames for users who are allowed to use the PVR/DVR. For example, the depicted list includes a Father (Dad) and Mother (Mom), and their children; for illustrative purposes, the age-of each child is included in parenthesis following that child's name. Assignment of the users for each access level may be defined by simply selecting the access level via up/down toggles 122 and selecting the appropriate checkboxes next to those user's usernames.

In response to entering the assess-level definitions, corresponding data is added to or modified in a user-access table 310 and or an access-level table 320 shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, respectively. Generally, the user-access table will include a USERNAME column in which usernames are stored and an ACCESS_LEVEL column in which access levels are stored. For illustrative purposes, the access level(s) for each user is/are depicted as residing in an ACCESS_LEVELS column; however, in general, each ACCESS_LEVEL column value will store a single access level, and multiple access levels for a given user will be defined by respective rows corresponding to that user's user ID, in accordance with conventional database techniques.

In addition to the aforementioned columns, the user-access table may include a PIN/PASSWORD column and/or a UID (userID) column. In one embodiment, each user's PIN or password would be stored the PIN/PASSWORD column or in another table that includes usernames and PINs/passwords. The idea here is that user authentication information would be stored via these columns. Optionally, a user may be authenticated by a single piece of information, such as a username, or PIN/password.

The UID columns in user-access table 310 and access level table 320 respectively serve as a primary key and foreign key columns that are used for linking the two tables together. In this manner, access level table 320 may serve as a reverse-lookup table in which users are identified for each access level in a manner similar to the access-level definitions discussed above with reference to FIG. 7.

Once the access-level definitions have been entered, a user with appropriate privileges may define an access level for content that is already recorded or to be recorded in the following manner. As before, the user selects content to be recorded or existing content stored on the PVR or DVR in a block 400. The user then activates a hard or soft control to invoke an access-level selections screen. For example, as shown in FIG. 11, upon selecting Hot Nights in Bangkok, an “ACCESS LEVEL” soft button 100 may be displayed in a window 100A. Optionally, the access-level selection screen may be invoked via a hard or soft button on remote control 112.

An exemplary access-level selection screen 130 is shown in FIG. 12. In this embodiment, the user is enabled to select the access level via up/down toggles 122. In one embodiment, the access-level selection screen may identify allowed and/or blocked users corresponding to the selected access level, such as illustrated in FIG. 12. Optionally, a screen or entry box may be provided to enable a user to enter a password. These operations are depicted by a block 404

In some cases, the user may wish to apply an access-level condition that isn't among any existing access-level definitions. For example, in the illustrated embodiment an administrator (DAD) may wish to block access to all users except himself, an access-level definition that wasn't previously defined. In this case the user may select a “NEW” button 132 to cause a screen similar to screen 120 of FIG. 7 to be displayed, whereby the user could define a new access level.

Once the access level for the content has been entered/selected/defined, corresponding information is updated in the system's database. For example, a title access level table 330 including TITLE and ACCESS_LEVEL columns may be updated to reflect the access level assigned to the title, as shown in FIG. 13. This completes the access-level assignment process for the title.

The procedure for accessing a title for which an access level has been defined proceeds as follows, with reference to the flowchart of FIG. 14. In general, the system will be either a single-user or multi-user system. As defined herein, a single-user system is a system that does not provide individual content storage for individual users or otherwise does not provide unique functions for individual users. In contrast, a multi-user system supports individual storage or access functionality.

In accordance with a single-user system, the process begins in a block 410 in which a user selects content to view. In a decision block 412 a determination is made to whether the content is protected. In one embodiment, the title access level table will be scanned to verify whether an access level has been assigned to the title. If the answer is NO, the logic proceeds to a block 414 in which the user is enabled to view the content. If an access level has been defined, the answer to decision block 412 will be YES, and the logic will proceed to a block 416 in which the user will be authenticated. In general, this may comprise a combination of a username and PIN/password, or may simple be a unique user identifier, dependent on the particular scheme used for the system. If the user cannot be authenticated, the process will exit without letting the user access the content (not shown).

After the user has been authenticated, the system will retrieve the access level for the title from title access level table 330 and the list of allowed access levels for the user from user-access table 310 and/or access level table 320, as depicted by a block 418. In a decision block 420 a determination is made to whether the access level for the title is in the user's allowed access level list. If the allowed access levels for the user do not include the access level assigned to the title, the answer to decision block will be NO, and the logic will proceed to a block 422 in which the user is informed (e.g., via a warning box or the like displayed on the TV screen) (not shown) that he or she is denied access to the content. If the user's allowed access levels include the assigned access level, the answer to decision block 420 is YES< and the user is allowed to view the content.

The beginning of the process for a multi-user system is slightly different. In this case, as depicted by a block 424, the user will generally be authenticated at the start of the system during a login operation, which comprises an operation that is normally performed during initiation of a user session on a multi-user system. The user will then select content to view during the session in a block 410A. In response to this selection, the logic proceeds to block 418 and the rest of the operations are substantially similar to that described above for the single-user system. In this instance, the user's authentication information provided during the login operation will be used to identify the user.

Exemplary Machine For Implement Embodiments of the Invention

A schematic block diagram illustrating various components and operations of an exemplary machine 500 for implementing the embodiments of the invention discussed above is shown in FIG. 15. Generally, machine 500 is representative of PVRs, DVRs, and similar “set-top” boxes that are used to record audio and digital content. Generally, machine 500 will include one or more processors 502 coupled to a bus 504. The machine will also generally include memory 506, storage 508, a display controller 510, an input/output controller 512 and an audio controller 514, each of which is also coupled to bus 504.

In one embodiment, machine 500 interfaces to external systems through a communications interface 516. Communications interface 516 may include a radio transceiver compatible with AM, FM, TV, digital TV, DVB, wireless telephone signals or the like. Communications interface 516 may also include an analog modem, Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) modem, cable modem, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) modem, a T-1 line interface, a T-3 line interface, an optical carrier interface (e.g. OC-3), token ring interface, satellite transmission interface, a wireless interface or other interfaces for coupling a device to other devices.

In one embodiment, a carrier wave signal 517 is received by communications interface 516 to communicate with a network 160. In one embodiment, carrier wave signal 517 is considered to be machine readable media, which may be transmitted through wires, cables, optical fibers or through the atmosphere, or the like.

In one embodiment, processor 502 may be a conventional microprocessor, such as for example but not limited to an Intel ×86 or Pentium family microprocessor, a Motorola family microprocessor, or the like. Optionally, the processor may comprise a microcontroller, or the like. Memory 506 may be a machine-readable medium such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and may include static random access memory (SRAM). Display controller 510 controls in a conventional manner a display 518, which in one embodiment may be a cathode ray tube (CRT), a liquid crystal display (LCD), an active matrix display, a television monitor or the like. In one embodiment, a remote interface 520 is provided to support interaction with remote input devices, such as remote control 112 and a remote keyboard 162. Other remote input devices may also be used. Wired input devices may also be supported as well. A panel control interface 521 may also be provided to enable user input from a user input panel or the like provided by the machine.

In one embodiment, audio controller 514 controls in a conventional manner audio output 522, which may include, audio speakers, headphones, an audio receiver, amplifier or the like. In one embodiment, the audio controller also controls in a conventional manner audio input 524, which may include a microphone or input(s) from an audio or musical device, or the like.

Storage 508 in one embodiment may include machine-readable media such as, for example, but not limited to a magnetic hard disk, an optical disk, a read-only memory (ROM) component, a smart card or another form of storage for data. In one embodiment, storage 508 may include removable media, read-only media, readable/writeable media or the like. Some of the data may be written by a direct memory access process into memory 506 during execution of software in machine 500. It is appreciated that software may reside in storage 508, memory 506 or may be transmitted or received via modem or communications interface 516. Optionally, all or a portion of the software may be stored in a firmware storage device 526. For the purposes of this specification, the term “machine-readable media” shall be taken to include any media that is capable of storing data, information or encoding a sequence of instructions for execution by processor 502 to cause machine 500 to perform the operations of the embodiments of the invention discussed above. The term “machine-readable media” shall be taken to include, but is not limited to solid-state memories, optical and magnetic disks, carrier wave signals, and the like.

In general, machine 500 will be used to store content corresponding to movies, television shows, and the like. Typically, the content will be initially received as an audio/video (A/V) input signal 530. The A/V input signal may originate from one or more sources, including a cable broadcast 532, a satellite broadcast 534, or a local television broadcast 536. The A/V input signal may also be provided by a playback device, such as a DVD player 538 or VCR 540. It will be appreciated that other content input devices may be used as well, such as computers and the like.

Typically, upon receiving A/V signal 530, the signal will either be used for storing content, and/or passed through for display purposes. In cases in which the content is to be stored, the A/V signal will usually be encoded by an encoder 542 and stored as encoded content 544 in storage 508. A decoder 545 is used to decode the encoded content during playback operations. The encoding and decoding operations may be provided by embedded components (e.g., MPEG encoders and decoders), by processor 502, or a combination of the two. In addition to storing encoded content, storage 508 may be used to store corresponding content information 546, such as recording directories and the like. Content information 546 is used to also represent the various control access-related tables described herein (i.e., the system database).

In general, the operations of the embodiments described above will be implemented by executing software code stored in one or more software modules. Collectively, this software code is represented as logic 550. As shown, logic 550 may be stored in firmware device 526 and/or storage 508. Logic 550 also represents common PRV/DVR applications, such as recording applications and electronic program guides and the like. In some instances, logic 550 may be updated via a download. Accordingly, in one embodiment firmware device 526 comprises a rewriteable component, such as flash memory.

The above description of illustrated embodiments of the invention, including what is described in the Abstract, is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the invention are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize.

These modifications can be made to the invention in light of the above detailed description. The terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims. Rather, the scope of the invention is to be determined entirely by the following claims, which are to be construed in accordance with established doctrines of claim interpretation. 

1. A method, comprising: receiving, by a computing device, an assignment of two or more allowed access levels to a user of the computing device; receiving, by the computing device, a user assignment of an access level to content for which access control is to be applied; and preventing, by the computing device, access to the content by the user unless the user has been assigned an allowed access level corresponding to the access level of the content.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the user assignment of the access level is received prior to the content being received.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the content is a title previously recorded by and stored on the computing device.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in response to receiving a request to view the content, determining, by the computing device, an identity of a current user of the computing device.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the computing device, information defining a new access level.
 6. At least one non-transitory computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions stored thereon that, when executed, cause an apparatus to: receive an assignment of two or more allowed access levels to a user of a computing device; receive a user assignment of an access level to content for which access control is to be applied; and prevent access to the content by the user unless the user has been assigned an allowed access level corresponding to the access level of the content.
 7. The at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 6, wherein the user assignment of the access level is received prior to the content being received.
 8. The at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 6, wherein the content is a title previously recorded by and stored on the computing device.
 9. The at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 6, having additional computer-executable instructions stored thereon that, when executed, further cause the apparatus to: in response to receiving a request to view the content, determine an identity of a current user of the computing device.
 10. The at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 6, having additional computer-executable instructions stored thereon that, when executed, further cause the apparatus to: receive information defining a new access level.
 11. A method for controlling access to individual titles that may be viewed via a device, comprising: generating a first user interface configured to receive a user selection of a title for which access control is to be applied from a listing of one or more titles previously recorded by and stored on the device; generating a second user interface configured to receive an assignment of a user specified password specific to the title such that accessing the title for viewing any portion of the content corresponding to the title requires entry of the user specified password; and implementing a control access scheme that requires entry of the user specified password assigned to the title prior to enabling viewing of content corresponding to the title, wherein the content corresponding to the title includes content previously recorded by and stored on the device.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the operations of the method are implemented via one or more of a personal video recorder (PVR) or digital video recorder (DVR), and the user interface is displayed on a television connected to the PVR or DVR.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the second user interface is further configured to receive the user specified password assigned to the title prior to receiving content corresponding to the title at the device.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein implementation of the control access scheme includes: storing data linking the user specified password to the title on the device; receiving a user selection of the title for viewing; prompting the user to enter a second password to view the title; in response to entry of the second password, determining if the second password entered by the user matches the user specified password assigned to the title; and in response to determining that the second password matches the user specified password assigned to the title, enabling viewing access to the content corresponding to the title, otherwise denying viewing access to the content.
 15. The method of claim 14, further including receiving one or more incorrect passwords a predetermined number of times prior to denying viewing access to the content.
 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising: receiving an assignment of administrative user rights to an administrative user, the administrative user rights allowing the administrative user to assign passwords to titles; and authenticating a user to verify whether the user has been assigned administrative user rights.
 17. One or more non-transitory machine-readable media storing computer readable instructions that, when executed, cause an apparatus to control access to individual titles that may be viewed, wherein controlling access includes: generating a first user interface configured to receive a user selection of a title for which access control is to be applied from a listing of one or more titles previously recorded by and stored on the apparatus; generating a second user interface configured to receive an assignment of a user specified password specific to the title such that access to the title for viewing any portion of the content corresponding to the title requires entry of the user specified password; and implementing a control access scheme that requires entry of the user specified password assigned to the title prior to enabling viewing of content corresponding to the title, wherein the content corresponding to the title includes content previously recorded by and stored on the apparatus.
 18. The one or more non-transitory machine-readable media of claim 17, wherein the apparatus comprises one or more of a personal video recorder (PVR) or digital video recorder (DVR), and the user interface is displayed on a television connected to the PVR or DVR.
 19. The one or more non-transitory machine-readable media of claim 17, wherein the control access scheme includes: storing data linking the user specified password to the title on the apparatus; receiving a user selection of the title for viewing; prompting the user to enter a second password to view the title; in response to entry of the second password, determining if the second password entered by the user matches the user specified password assigned to the title; and in response to determining that the second password matches the user specified password assigned to the title, enabling viewing access to the content corresponding to the title, otherwise denying viewing access to the content.
 20. The one or more non-transitory machine-readable media of claim 17, having additional instructions stored thereon, which when executed further cause the apparatus to perform: receiving an assignment of administrative user rights to an administrative user, the administrative user rights allowing the administrative user to assign passwords to titles; and authenticating a user to verify whether the user has been assigned administrative user rights. 